TRUE CROSS UNDER ISTANBUL ? Story of The Constantine Column ( Çemberlitaş)
CONSTANTINE FORUM 12. CENTURY
TRUE CROSS UNDER ISTANBUL ?
Story of the Hooped Column ( Çemberlitas). Without any doubt the oldest street in Istanbul is the so called "Divan Yolu", the Avenue also known as the "Mese" during the times of Byzantium. This ancient road in the "Old City" starts near some of Istanbul's famous landmarks ; Hagia Sophia and Palace Cistern or Yerebatan Sarayi, as it is called today. During the era of the Roman Empire the "Arch of the Milion" marked the beginning point of the Eastern Empire and the distances of the Capital from other important cities of the Empire were measured from this point, also known as " the center of the world ".
The milion was a tetra pylon with four arches connected by a dome at the top. From this starting point the Mese continues with a northwest west slope through several squares all the way to the Golden Gate at the Theodosius walls which circle the old city. The Divan yolu or Mese is like two streets layered on top of each other or maybe three or four streets built and rebuilt after each major earthquake , or collapse of an empire by the new owners of the land when they took over. The road once used by donkeys , horses, horse carriages and trams or trolley cars in the last century, is now busy with bumper to bumper yellow taxis and automobiles on both directions of the street while the Metro trains are running through the median. For every pedestrian during the Byzantium times probably there are fifteen more people walking the crowded streets of the the Mese today. Not only the road has three or four layers so does all the surroundings, streets, squares and buildings.
Along the Divan Yolu, every square inch of land , every piece of stone or dirt has a long and possibly untold story. Under the foundation of Topkapi Palace of the Ottoman Sultans, there lie the ruins of the Mangana Palace of the Byzantium. Under Eminönü district lies the Phosporion Harbor. The Mangana Tower is no longer there at Sarayburnu but the Church of Hagia Sophia, a mosque during Ottoman times and a museum now, still stands tall fifteen centuries after it was first build. And so does another famous church; St.Irene nearby. Across Hagia Sophia, there is the Sultan Ahmet Mosque, or the Blue Mosque with it's six pencil like beautiful minarets. The Blue Mosque probably has some of the stones in his body transplanted from the Hippodrome and Imperial Palace of Constantine lying three or four meters under it's foundation. The Philoxenos Cistern build by Emperor Justinian and the more famous Basilica Cistern right by the Million Arch are still attracting thousands of visitors every day. The Forum of Theodosius once an animal market in the Roman times, hosts the Istanbul University today and is called Beyazit meydani named after an important Ottoman Sultan.
The next square on the Messa is Aksaray Meydani which probably stands on the ruins of another forum, the Amastrianum . Then there are columns and obelisks along the Mese; the Goth Column of Byzas in Mangana, the Egyptian Obelisk, the Clossus Column and the Serpintine Column all three on the grounds of the old Hippodrome or Atmeydani of the Sultan Ahmet District. The Column of Justinian next to Hagia Sophia is no longer there but a piece of The Milion Column still survives three meters under the street level without the arches of the tetra pylon. The area along Divan Yolu also houses one of Istanbul's most prominent attractions; The Covered Bazaar or Kapalı Çarsi , with its over six thousand stores, probably the worlds first shopping mall of it's kind.The Bazaar was first established after the Ottoman conquest in 1453, survived several fires during her existence of six centuries, and is always lively with shoppers and tourists who bargain for exquisitely patterned and hand made carpets, gold jewelry, leather goods and souvenirs.
Kapalı Çarsi has two main entrances on the hill side along the road of Mese; one by the Beyazit Mosque and Beyazıt Square , the other by the Nuru-Osmaniye Mosque in a quarter called Çemberlitas. Here in this Çemberlitaş area two narrow streets form a triangle from the Mese towards the Covered Bazaar, crowded with people coming and going into the market. At the bottom of the triangle there rises a column some 35 meters high and completely covered at the present time due to restoration work.
THE HOOPED COLUMN (1985)
HOOPED COLUMN, Under Repairs 2007
COVERED BAZAAR/KAPALI CARSI
The column was first erected in 330 A.D.by Emperor Constantine to announce the end of the pagan Roman Empire and to commemorate the city as the capital of the Roman Empire . The empire under Constantine was a Christian State now and the new capital was called Constantinople. The column was in the middle of a forum , and the Mese ran right through the forum from two archways on both sides . The elliptical forum was decorated with several statues of both; pagan deities and Christian saints and Roman emperors. Several temples, churches and public buildings surrounded the forum. This was the Forum of Constantine.
In the middle of the forum there stood the column on a square pedestal which could be reached by five marble steps. The column's base was made of porphyry plinth, like the seven drums on top of it, rising 35 meters high to the sky. On the very top there was a marble capital , and Constantine's statue or rather Constantine's bust on Apollo's body stood there with the globe of the world in one hand and a scepter in the other. Some eight centuries later during a big storm in 1106 the sculpture of Constantine fell down and was replaced by a huge golden cross by Emperor Manuel Comnenus, which was ultimately removed after the Ottoman conquest in 1453. In 1779 the column was going to find itself in the midst of a big fire which would destroy most of the surrounding area. The damaged and blackened column was repaired by the Sultan Abdulhamit I, by concealing the lowest drum with a cast and strengthening the other six drums with iron hoops. Hence, the name "hooped column" or Çemberlitas was born and eventually the district was going to be referred to.
When Constantine declared his new capital he had also decided that his city was going surpass Rome in architecture and glamour. He started building Church of Hagia Sophia, the Church of Holy Apostles , several forums, public buildings and decorated the city by bringing the Calydonian boar and the serpentine column from Delphi, to name a few. While the remodeled Constantinople forums and roads were bearing traces of Roman influence , Constantine made sure that people knew ; his was a Christian Empire . All churches had characteristics and touches Byzantine architecture and were decorated inside with Christian symbols , crosses, relics and icons. During his reign he also send his mother Empress Helena to Jerusalem to open churches and agencies to help the poor and to spread Christianity. According to some writers during her trip to the Holly Land , Helena was shown three graves which possibly had the remains of three crosses used at the crucifixion of Jesus.*By a miracle the right grave was revealed to Helena and she brought pieces of the cross, two nails of Christ's passion , the spear that pierced Christ's side, a bread baskets with bread crums,all supposedly belonging Christ, back to Constantinople some time after 312 A.D.
Emperor Constantine who claimed to rule by divine and considered himself a saint wanted to save any symbol relating to Christianity and saints, prophets and even pagans till eternity. Along with the pieces of cross, nails , spear, bread basket of Christ his mother brought back , an adze Noah supposedly used to build the ark with, a spikenard Mary Magdalena supposedly anointed Jesus' feet, a rock belonging to Moses , the Palladium of Troy, the wooden icon of Athena and the sun ray's of Apollo's crown were immured in the base of the hooped column at his forum.
Here at Constantine's forum all emperors were to celebrate their triumphs , people gathered inside the forum to discuss politics, day to day life and business .Years and centuries passed by , people came and left, Roman Empire was replaced by the Ottomans and the latter with Turkish Republic. The Forum had several face lifts and then most of it was gone with time except the Road of Mese and the Hooped Column remained.
The Burnt Column is covered and being reconstructed now and the architects verify the existence of 11 by 11 meters long and 2,5 meter high foundation under the earth level. Inside this foundation there seems to exist a completely sealed and enclosed cell, 1x2 meter in measure.**
Are the fragments of the "True Cross" along with the other objects still in this cell ?All historical and physical evidence points to the existence of “some items” in this cell. Whether the remains of these objects and the cross are the real ones, we will never know. I guess Constantine's wish to keep these objects till eternity is still on. The secret continues .
Cem Ozmeral
January 16, 2008
Dublin, Ohio
Acknowledgements and Reference;
Philip Sherrard, Byzantium, Great Ages of Man, Time Life Books 1983, Chapter 2 Constantine's City 31, Acapital Observed Page 41
John Freeley, Istanbul Blue Guide, Ernest benn Ltd. 1983, Page 160
Istanbulun Altindaki Sir; www. zaman.com
Constanttine's Forum Picture; www.byzantium.1200.com
